Nitrososphaeria

Nitrososphaeria
Nitrosopumilus maritimus, partially with virions of Nitrosopumilus spindle-shaped virus 1 (Thaspiviridae) attached.
Scientific classification
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Thermoproteati
Phylum: Thermoproteota
Class:
Stieglmeier et al. 2014[1]
Orders
Synonyms
  • Conexivisphaeria Kato et al. 2021
  • "Geothermarchaeota" Jungbluth, Amend & Rappe 2016
  • "Nitrososphaeraeota" Oren et al. 2015
  • "Nitrososphaerota" Whitman et al. 2018
  • "Thaumarchaeota" Brochier-Armanet et al. 2008[2]

Nitrososphaeria (previously phylum Nitrososphaerota or Thaumarchaeota[3]) is a class of Archaea under the phylum Thermoproteota.[4] The first species, Cenarchaeum symbiosum, was discovered in 1996 and was found to have a genome distinct from other known archaea at the time; hence, it was classified as a separate phylum. A decade later, three ammonia-oxidizing archaea were described, Nitrosopumilus maritimus, Nitrososphaera viennensis, and Nitrososphaera gargensis. Genome analysis in 2010 revealed that C. symbiosum and the three archaea are genetically of the same group.

Taxonomic reassessment in 2021 merged the archaeal group to the phylum Thermoproteota. Most species of Nitrososphaeria are chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizers and may play important roles in biogeochemical cycles, such as the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. Metagenomic sequencing indicates that they constitute ~1% of the sea surface metagenome across many sites.[5] The lipid crenarchaeol has been found only in Nitrososphaeria, making it a potential biomarker for the class.[6][7]

Nitrososphaeria-derived membrane-spanning tetraether lipids (glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers; GDGTs) from marine sediments can be used to reconstruct past temperatures via the TEX86 paleotemperature proxy, as these lipids vary in structure according to temperature.[8] Because most Nitrososphaeria seem to be autotrophs that fix CO2, their GDGTs can act as a record for past Carbon-13 ratios in the dissolved inorganic carbon pool, and thus have the potential to be used for reconstructions of the carbon cycle in the past.[6]

  1. ^ A.C. Parte, et al. "Nitrososphaeria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Brochier-Armanet_2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Whitman WB, Oren A, Chuvochina M, da Costa MS, Garrity GM, Rainey FA, Rossello-Mora R, Schink B, Sutcliffe I, Trujillo ME, Ventura S (2018). "Proposal of the suffix –ota to denote phyla. Addendum to 'Proposal to include the rank of phylum in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes'". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 68 (3): 967–969. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002593. ISSN 1466-5034. PMID 29458499.
  4. ^ Rinke C, Chuvochina M, Mussig AJ, Chaumeil PA, Davín AA, Waite DW, Whitman WB, Parks DH, Hugenholtz P (2021). "A standardized archaeal taxonomy for the Genome Taxonomy Database". Nature Microbiology. 6 (7): 946–959. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00918-8. ISSN 2058-5276. PMID 34155373.
  5. ^ Walker CB, de la Torre JR, Klotz MG, Urakawa H, Pinel N, Arp DJ, Brochier-Armanet C, Chain PS, Chan PP, Gollabgir A, Hemp J, Hügler M, Karr EA, Könneke M, Shin M, Lawton TJ, Lowe T, Martens-Habbena W, Sayavedra-Soto LA, Lang D, Sievert SM, Rosenzweig AC, Manning G, Stahl DA (May 2010). "Nitrosopumilus maritimus genome reveals unique mechanisms for nitrification and autotrophy in globally distributed marine crenarchaea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (19): 8818–23. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8818W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913533107. PMC 2889351. PMID 20421470.
  6. ^ a b Pearson A, Hurley SJ, Walter SR, Kusch S, Lichtin S, Zhang YG (2016). "Stable carbon isotope ratios of intact GDGTs indicate heterogeneous sources to marine sediments". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 181: 18–35. Bibcode:2016GeCoA.181...18P. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.02.034.
  7. ^ Pester M, Schleper C, Wagner M (June 2011). "The Thaumarchaeota: an emerging view of their phylogeny and ecophysiology". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 14 (3): 300–6. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2011.04.007. PMC 3126993. PMID 21546306.
  8. ^ Schouten S, Hopmans EC, Schefuß E, Damste JS (2002). "Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures?". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 204 (1–2): 265–274. Bibcode:2002E&PSL.204..265S. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00979-2. S2CID 54198843.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.