Theileria

Theileria
Kinete stage of Theileria parva in the transmitting tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Sar
Clade: Alveolata
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Aconoidasida
Order: Piroplasmida
Family: Theileriidae
Genus:
Species

Theileria annulata
Theileria electrophori
Theileria equi
Theileria microti
Theileria orientalis
Theileria parva

Theileria is a genus of parasites that belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, and is closely related to Plasmodium. Two Theileria species, T. annulata and T. parva, are important cattle parasites.[1] T. annulata causes tropical theileriosis and T. parva causes East Coast fever. Theileria species are transmitted by ticks.[2] The genomes of T. orientalis Shintoku[3], Theileria equi WA,[4] Theileria annulata Ankara[5] and Theileria parva Muguga[6] have been sequenced and published.

Theileria equi infects equid blood cells causing equine piroplasmosis.[7] The disease presents with a variety of clinical conditions, such as fever, depression, jaundice, cramps, haemolytic anaemia, hemoglobinuria and even death, but asymptomatic infections are frequently observed.[8] The most common vectors are the ticks Dermacentor nitens and Rhipicephalus microplus[9] but Amblyomma cajennense was also implicated in the disease transmission.[10]

Vaccines against Theileria are in development.[1][11] In May 2010, a vaccine that was reported to protect cattle against East Coast fever had been approved and registered by the governments of Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania.[12]

  1. ^ a b Morrison W, McKeever D (2006). "Current status of vaccine development against Theileria parasites". Parasitology. 133: S169–87. doi:10.1017/S0031182006001867. PMID 17274845. S2CID 928055.
  2. ^ Florin-Christensen, M.; Schnittger, L. (Jan 2009). "Piroplasmids and ticks: a long-lasting intimate relationship". Frontiers in Bioscience. 14 (14): 3064–3073. doi:10.2741/3435. ISSN 1093-9946. PMID 19273257.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hayashida2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Kappmeyer, Lowell S.; Thiagarajan, Mathangi; Herndon, David R.; Ramsay, Joshua D.; Caler, Elisabet; Djikeng, Appolinaire; Gillespie, Joseph J.; Lau, Audrey OT; Roalson, Eric H. (2012-01-01). "Comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic position of Theileria equi". BMC Genomics. 13 603. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-603. PMC 3505731. PMID 23137308.
  5. ^ Pain, Arnab; Renauld, Hubert; Berriman, Matthew; Murphy, Lee; Yeats, Corin A.; Weir, William; Kerhornou, Arnaud; Aslett, Martin; Bishop, Richard (2005-07-01). "Genome of the host-cell transforming parasite Theileria annulata compared with T. parva". Science. 309 (5731): 131–3. doi:10.1126/science.1110418. hdl:10568/33166. PMID 15994557. S2CID 34556923.
  6. ^ Gardner, Malcolm J.; Bishop, Richard; Shah, Trushar; de Villiers, Etienne P.; Carlton, Jane M.; Hall, Neil; Ren, Qinghu; Paulsen, Ian T.; Pain, Arnab (2005-07-01). "Genome sequence of Theileria parva, a bovine pathogen that transforms lymphocytes". Science. 309 (5731): 134–7. doi:10.1126/science.1110439. hdl:10568/33167. PMID 15994558. S2CID 37769438.
  7. ^ Mehlhorn, H.; Schein, E. (1998-05-01). "Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998". Parasitology Research. 84 (6): 467–475. doi:10.1007/s004360050431. ISSN 1432-1955.
  8. ^ Rothschild, Chantal M. (2013-07-01). "Equine Piroplasmosis". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 33 (7): 497–508. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.189. ISSN 0737-0806.
  9. ^ de Waal, D. T. (1992-01-01). "Equine piroplasmosis: A review". British Veterinary Journal. 148 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1016/0007-1935(92)90061-5. ISSN 0007-1935.
  10. ^ Scoles, Glen A.; Hutcheson, H. Joel; Schlater, Jack L.; Hennager, Steven G.; Pelzel, Angela M.; Knowles, Don P. (October 2011). "Equine piroplasmosis associated with Amblyomma cajennense Ticks, Texas, USA". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (10): 1903–1905. doi:10.3201/eid1710.101182. ISSN 1080-6059. PMC 3310643. PMID 22000367.
  11. ^ Darghouth, A. (Dec 2008). "Review on the experience with live attenuated vaccines against tropical theileriosis in Tunisia: considerations for the present and implications for the future". Vaccine. 26. Suppl 6: G4 – G10. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.065. ISSN 0264-410X. PMID 19178892.
  12. ^ "Cattle disease vaccine launched 30 years after invention". 2010-05-07. SciDev.net (7 May 2010).
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