Stereotypic movement disorder

Not to be confused with Stereotypy.
Stereotypic movement disorder
SpecialtyPsychiatry 

Stereotypic movement disorder (SMD) is a motor disorder with onset in childhood involving restrictive and/or repetitive, nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand waving or head banging), that markedly interferes with normal activities or results in bodily injury.[1] While stereotypic movements are common in infancy and early childhood, a diagnosis of SMD is made only when such behaviors are prolonged, intense, and cause significant impairment.[2] The diagnosis requires that the behavior in question must not be due to the direct effects of a substance, autism, or another medical condition.[1]

The cause of this disorder is not known.[3] However, current research suggests that dysfunction in corticostriatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits[4] and imbalances between the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia may play a role in its development.[5] Both environmental and genetic factors have been proposed as potential risk factors. Environmental factors include limited social interaction, neglect, and psychological stress,[6] while a genetic predisposition is suspected,[7] although no specific gene has been identified.[8]

There are no definitive treatments for SMD.[9] However, behavioral interventions, particularly habit reversal training, have shown promise in reducing symptoms.[9] Pharmacological treatments such as clonazepam and naltrexone have also been identified as potential treatments,[10] but findings remain inconclusive.[11]

  1. ^ a b American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 77–80. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  2. ^ Freeman, Roger D; Soltanifar, Atefeh; Baer, Susan (August 2010). "Stereotypic movement disorder: easily missed". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 52 (8): 733–738. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03627.x. PMID 20187883.
  3. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Stereotypic movement disorder
  4. ^ Valente, Francesca; Pesola, Chiara; Baglioni, Valentina; Teresa Giannini, Maria; Chiarotti, Flavia; Caravale, Barbara; Cardona, Francesco (14 February 2019). "Developmental Motor Profile in Preschool Children with Primary Stereotypic Movement Disorder". BioMed Research International. 2019: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2019/1427294. PMC 6393901. PMID 30895189.
  5. ^ Lewis, Mark; Kim, Soo-Jeong (June 2009). "The pathophysiology of restricted repetitive behavior". Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 1 (2): 114–132. doi:10.1007/s11689-009-9019-6. PMC 3090677. PMID 21547711.
  6. ^ Wilson, L.C.; Scarpa, A. (2017). "Child and Adolescent Psychopathology". Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.06368-9. ISBN 978-0-12-809324-5.
  7. ^ Harris, Kendra M.; Mahone, E. Mark; Singer, Harvey S. (April 2008). "Nonautistic Motor Stereotypies: Clinical Features and Longitudinal Follow-Up". Pediatric Neurology. 38 (4): 267–272. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.12.008. PMID 18358406.
  8. ^ Katherine, Mackenzie (April 2018). "Stereotypic Movement Disorders". Seminars in Pediatric Neurology. 25: 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2017.12.004. PMID 29735112.
  9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Singer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Mendez, Mario F.; Mirea, Adrian (September 1998). "Adult head-banging and stereotypic movement disorders". Movement Disorders. 13 (5): 825–828. doi:10.1002/mds.870130512. PMID 9756153.
  11. ^ Muthugovindan, Deivasumathy; Singer, Harvey (April 2009). "Motor stereotypy disorders". Current Opinion in Neurology. 22 (2): 131–136. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328326f6c8. PMID 19532036.
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